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Until James Chadwick found that the atom has 3 parts, neutrons, electrons, and protons, it was believed that atoms were made up of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons. However after Chadwick’s observations a proper model of an atom was made.
Hideki Yukawa’s major contribution to atomic history was when he found meson, or the glue of an atom. This meson holds together the different parts of the atom. Yukawa came to fame when another scientist, Carl David Anderson, found his theory to be true.
Thomson’s major discovery was the electron. He found it with his Cathode Ray Tube. Thomson also had a influence on a student who later proved his plum pudding model correct.
Rutherford, who used to be Thomson’s student, later found that atoms have a very dense highly charged center known as the nucleus. Rutherford found this in his Geiger-Marsden experiment (a.k.a. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment.)
Heisenberg discovered the uncertainty principle, or the principle that states that electrons do not have neat orbits. Heisenberg’s main contribution to the study of atoms was the study of subatomic particles and electrons and how they act.
In the 5th century b.c.e greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus developed the concept of the atom however their theory was buried and thrown aside until the 17th century because many did not believe it to be true.