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Recent reviews by Waffles4thewin

Showing 1-10 of 10 entries
1 person found this review helpful
210.7 hrs on record (195.7 hrs at review time)
Its like torture but really fun
Posted 9 November.
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1 person found this review helpful
180.5 hrs on record (134.8 hrs at review time)
very fun game (i hate primal aspids)
Posted 23 June.
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1 person found this review helpful
16.2 hrs on record (14.8 hrs at review time)
Its like minecraft but dungeons
Posted 27 April.
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1 person found this review helpful
123.1 hrs on record (121.2 hrs at review time)
muck
Posted 1 April.
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1 person found this review helpful
7.6 hrs on record (3.9 hrs at review time)
Victory
Win a match
7.6% of players have this achievement
Posted 15 March.
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1 person found this review helpful
68.3 hrs on record (21.5 hrs at review time)
I stole the murasama from the melee player and put it in my safe 10/10
Posted 4 February.
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2 people found this review helpful
15.3 hrs on record (11.2 hrs at review time)
Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes (/sɜːrˈpɛntiːz/).[2] Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads (cranial kinesis). To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. Lizards have independently evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards.[3] These resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see Amphisbaenia, Dibamidae, and Pygopodidae).

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, the Hawaiian archipelago, and the islands of New Zealand, as well as many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans.[4] Additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans. Around thirty families are currently recognized, comprising about 520 genera and about 3,900 species.[5] They range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) Barbados threadsnake[6] to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length.[7] The fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long.[8] Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the Jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 Ma ago.[9][10] The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene epoch (c. 66 to 56 Ma ago, after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus.

Most species of snake are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom that is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction.

Etymology
The English word snake comes from Old English snaca, itself from Proto-Germanic *snak-an- (cf. Germanic Schnake 'ring snake', Swedish snok 'grass snake'), from Proto-Indo-European root *(s)nēg-o- 'to crawl to creep', which also gave sneak as well as Sanskrit nāgá 'snake'.[11] The word ousted adder, as adder went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English næddre was the general word for snake.[12] The other term, serpent, is from French, ultimately from Indo-European *serp- 'to creep',[13] which also gave Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō) 'I crawl' and Sanskrit sarpá ‘snake’.

Evolution
A phylogenetic overview of modern snakes.

Scolecophidia
Leptotyphlopidae


Anomalepididae

Typhlopidae

Alethinophidia
Amerophidia
Anilius

Tropidophiidae

Afrophidia
Uropeltoidea
Uropeltidae


Anomochilus

Cylindrophis

Macrostomata
Pythonoidea
Pythonidae

Xenopeltis

Loxocemus

Caenophidia
Acrochordidae

Xenodermidae

Pareidae

Viperidae

Homalopsidae

Colubridae

Cyclocoridae

Buhoma

Elapidae

Pseudaspididae

Prosymnidae

Psammophiidae

Atractaspididae

Pseudoxyrhophiidae

Lamprophiidae

Booidea
Boinae

Erycinae

Calabaria

Ungaliophiinae

Sanzinia

Candoia

Note: the tree only indicates relationships, not evolutionary branching times.[14]
The fossil record of snakes is relatively poor because snake skeletons are typically small and fragile making fossilization uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes (though often retaining hind limbs) first appear in the fossil record during the Cretaceous period.[15] The earliest known true snake fossils (members of the crown group Serpentes) come from the marine simoliophiids, the oldest of which is the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian age) Haasiophis terrasanctus from the West Bank,[1] dated to between 112 and 94 million years old.[16]

Based on comparative anatomy, there is consensus that snakes descended from lizards.[17]: 11 [18] Pythons and boas—primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as anal spurs, which are used to grasp during mating.[17]: 11 [19] The families Leptotyphlopidae and Typhlopidae also possess remnants of the pelvic girdle, appearing as horny projections when visible.

Front limbs are nonexistent in all known snakes. This is caused by the evolution of their Hox genes, controlling limb morphogenesis. The axial skeleton of the snakes' common ancestor, like most other tetrapods, had regional specializations consisting of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Early in snake evolution, the Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant. As a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds (when present) all have the same thoracic-like identity (except from the atlas, axis, and 1–3 neck vertebrae). In other words, most of a snake's skeleton is an extremely extended thorax. Ribs are found exclusively on the thoracic vertebrae. Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number (only 2–10 lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present), while only a short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. However, the tail is still long enough to be of important use in many species, and is modified in some aquatic and tree-dwelling species.

Many modern snake groups originated during the Paleocene, alongside the adaptive radiation of mammals following the extinction of (non-avian) dinosaurs. The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes.[20] Previously, snakes were a minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of vipers and elapids in North America and the significant diversification of Colubridae (including the origin of many modern genera such as Nerodia, Lampropeltis, Pituophis, and Pantherophis).[20]

Fossils
There is fossil evidence to suggest that snakes may have evolved from burrowing lizards,[21] during the Cretaceous Period.[22] An early fossil snake relative, Najash rionegrina, was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum, and was fully terrestrial.[23] One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor Lanthanotus of Borneo (though it also is semiaquatic).[24] Subterranean species evolved bodies streamlined for burrowing, and eventually lost their limbs.[24] According to this hypothesis, features such as the transparent, fused eyelids (brille) and loss of external ears evolved to cope with fossorial difficulties, such as scratched corneas and dirt in the ears.[22][24] Some primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs, but their pelvic bones lacked a direct connection to the vertebrae. These include fossil species like Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis, which are slightly older than Najash.[19]
Posted 12 January.
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1 person found this review helpful
50.2 hrs on record (35.9 hrs at review time)
This game taught me if i eat dog, i will go insane.
Posted 25 November, 2023.
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1 person found this review helpful
290.6 hrs on record (220.5 hrs at review time)
you can make a gun out of a shark
Posted 5 March, 2023. Last edited 4 April.
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1 person found this review helpful
78.5 hrs on record (71.2 hrs at review time)
you are geometry, and you dash
Posted 20 May, 2022. Last edited 26 January.
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Showing 1-10 of 10 entries